Energy source technology:
Energy sources used in EV & HEVs
Batteries (stored energy in electric form )
Ultra capacitor(stored energy in electrostatic form uses high value of capacitance)
Ultra Flywheels (stores energy in kinetic form)
Fuel Cells (uses Hydrogen as fuel,stored energy in electric form )
Ragone Plot:
Plot used for performance comparison of energy sources.
Specific energy(w-h/Kg)(Y axis)
Determines the driving range/charge
Specific power(W-H/kg)( X axis)
Determines acceleration rates
Electric vehicle Batteries:
- Valve Regulated Lead Acid(VRLA) (most used battery in electric vehicle applications because it is low cost and its popular in low hand vehicle)
- Nickel Cadmium(Ni-Cd)(Medium, used where high performance is required)
- Nickel Zinc(Ni- Zn)
- Nickel metal hydride (Ni-mh)
- Zinc air (Zn/air)(Mechanical batteries, because electrolyte has to be replaced after each discharge)
- Aluminium air(Al/air)
- Sodium sulphur(Na/S)
- Sodium Nickel chloride(Na/NiCl2)
- Lithium ion(Cost, used where high performance need)
Comparison of Batteries based on :
Specific energy
Specific power
Cycle life
Cost
Safety
Types of Li ion batteries:
Lithium Manganese oxide(LMO)
Lithium Nickel Manganese cobalt oxide(NMC)
Lithium ion phosphate (LFP)
Lithium Nickel cobalt aluminium oxide(NCA)
Lithium titanate (LTO)
Lithium/air
Lithium/sulphur
Ultra Capacitors/Flywheels
UC -
UF: (low specific power)
Vacuum environment to remove air friction
Bearing loss elimination using magnetic bearing
Casing is thickened for safety concern
Fuel Cell:
Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
Alkaline Fuel Cell
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (Solid electrolyte,low temperature & high power density)(PEMFC)
Phosphate acid fuel cell(PAFC)
Molten carbonate fuel cell(MCFC)
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell(SOFC)
On board Renewable energy sources:
Braking energy
Solar energy (Photovoltaic generation system)
Waste heat energy(Possible in HEV, Thermo electric generator)
Vibration energy(due to road roughness and vehicle dynamics, Regenerative shock absorber & linear PM generator)