ELECTRIC VEHICLE: MODULE I INTRODUCTION - PPT

MCQ -Electric Vehicle and Power Management

 

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About the course:
This course will be a first level course on electric vehicle. Students will be able to understand the operation of battery driven electric vehicle. The course will start with introduction section which will enable the students to understand the focus areas that come under the umbrella of electric vehicles. Then the course will start covering this focus areas one by one such as vehicle dynamics, Motors, Power Electronics, Batteries,Charging etc. The most important part of this course will be that each topic will be analyzed and demonstrated through Matlab Simulink, so that the grip of the subject will be strong and the knowledge acquired will be use able in real time applications.

COURSE LAYOUT:

Week 1  :  Introduction to Electric Vehicle

• Historical background
• Benefits of using EV
• Overview of types of EV and its challenges
• Motor Drive technology
• Energy source technology
• Battery charging technology
• Vehicle to grid

Week 2  :  Vehicle Dynamics: Modelling and Simulation

• Subsystems and configurations -1
• Subsystems and configurations -2
• Subsystems and configurations -3

Week 3  :  Fundamental of Drives and DC Machine Modeling

• Vehicle dynamics introduction and tractive effort
• Vehicle dynamics and dynamics equation

Week 4  :  DC Machine Drives and Control of EV Using DC Machine

• Vehicle dynamics simulation
• Vehicle dynamics Modelling and simulation  in Simulink

ABOUT THE INSTRUCTOR:
Amit Kumar Jain is presently working as Associate Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi

SUGGESTED READING MATERIALS:

Iqbal Husain, ELECTRIC and HYBRIDVEHICLES, Design Fundamentals, CRC Press,2003.2. M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, S. Gay and A. Emadi,Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel CellVehicles, CRC Press, 2005

Assignments:
Week 1  -Mostly Match the following & True or False
Week 2  -Mostly Match the following & True or False
Week 3 - Mostly Match the following ,True or False & Problems
Week 4 - Problems

Exam pattern:

• Totally 35 questions, most are repeated from assignments and videos.
• Around 10 questions problem with fill in blanks type carry 2 marks.
• For more info about An Electric Vehicle click the below website link

https://eeeviews.blogspot.com/

Electric vehicle:-Energy source technology

Energy source technology:

Energy sources used in EV & HEVs

• Batteries (stored energy in electric form )
• Ultra capacitor(stored energy in electrostatic form uses high value of capacitance)
• Ultra Flywheels (stores energy in kinetic form)
• Fuel Cells (uses Hydrogen as fuel,stored energy in electric form )

Ragone Plot:

Plot used for performance comparison of energy sources.

Specific energy(w-h/Kg)(Y axis)

Determines the driving range/charge

Specific power(W-H/kg)( X axis)

Determines acceleration rates

Electric vehicle Batteries:

• Valve Regulated Lead Acid(VRLA) (most used battery in electric vehicle applications because it is low cost and its popular in low hand vehicle)
• Nickel Cadmium(Ni-Cd)(Medium, used where high performance is required)
• Nickel Zinc(Ni- Zn)
• Nickel metal hydride (Ni-mh)
• Zinc air (Zn/air)(Mechanical batteries, because electrolyte has to be replaced after each discharge)
• Aluminium air(Al/air)
• Sodium sulphur(Na/S)
• Sodium Nickel chloride(Na/NiCl2)
• Lithium ion(Cost, used where high performance need)

Comparison of Batteries based on :

• Specific energy
• Specific power
• Cycle life
• Cost
• Safety

Types of Li ion batteries:

• Lithium Manganese oxide(LMO)
• Lithium Nickel Manganese cobalt oxide(NMC)
• Lithium ion phosphate (LFP)
• Lithium Nickel cobalt aluminium oxide(NCA)
• Lithium titanate (LTO)
• Lithium/air
• Lithium/sulphur

Ultra Capacitors/Flywheels

UC -

• High specific power, very high life cycle
• Reduction of cost
• Increase in energy storage capacity

UF: (low specific power)

• Vacuum environment to remove air friction
• Bearing loss elimination using magnetic bearing
• Casing is thickened for safety concern

Fuel Cell:

• Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
• Alkaline Fuel Cell
• Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (Solid electrolyte,low temperature & high power density)(PEMFC)
• Phosphate acid fuel cell(PAFC)
• Molten carbonate fuel cell(MCFC)
• Solid Oxide Fuel Cell(SOFC)

On board Renewable energy sources:

• Braking energy
• Solar energy (Photovoltaic generation system)
• Waste heat energy(Possible in HEV, Thermo electric generator)
• Vibration energy(due to road roughness and vehicle dynamics, Regenerative shock absorber & linear PM generator)

Electric vehicle:- Motor Drive technologies

Motor Drive technologies:

IC engine cannot operate in wide torque and speed range. Therefore it requires support of clutch and multiple transmission gear.

When clutch is engaged IC engine is coupled to gearbox, energy transmit from IC engine to gearbox

IC based engine requires

• Clutch
• Multiple or variable gears
• Differential

Battery electric vehicle

• Clutch is absent
• Normally fixed gears are used
• Differential absent

Requirement of an EV motor compared to industrial motors:

• Maximum torque than rated torque for starting,Hill climbing & overtaking etc.
• EV motors demand high power density & good efficiency
• EV motors desire high controllability , high steady state accuracy and good dynamic performance
• EV motors need to operate in harsh operating conditions such as high temperatures , bad weather and frequent vibration.

Major requirement of an EV motor:

• High torque density and high power density
• Very wide speed range including constant torque and constant power regions
• High efficiency over wide torque and speed range
• Reliability & robustness
• Low cost
• Capable of being integrated with the engine.
• Good voltage regulation

Classification of EV motors:

• Commutator
• DC motors
• Self excited
• Series
• Shunt
• Separately excited
• Wound field
• Permanent Magnet excitation
• Commutator less
• Induction
• Wound rotor
• Cage rotor
• Synchronous
• Wound rotor
• PM rotor
• BrushLess DC
• Sinusoidal- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
• Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
• Reluctance rotor
• Doubly salient(both stator & rotor)
• Switched Reluctance Motor
• Stator PM(rotor without PM)
• Field Coil DSPM(field coil is embedded in stator)

Challenges in an Electric Vehicle

Challenges in Battery Electric Vehicle(BEV)

The energy storage is lower than IC engine based vehicle

• Limited driving range(Range Anxiety)
• High Initial cost (Batteries: oversized, costly, replacement, limited cycle life(4-5 years)
• Lack of charging infrastructure
• Effect on power utility grid
• Cost of charging infrastructure
• Discontinuous operation
• Normal charging(5-8 hrs ,110-240V,13-40A,2-4KW)
• Fast charging(20-30 mins,200-400V, 100-200A,50KW)
• Battery swapping( battery bank replaced in station)

Challenges in Conventional HEV(HEV)

• Non zero emissions
• Low energy diversification(it can be only refilled using oil & natural  gas)
• Complex system and Coordination
• System is heavy and bulky
• Variable transmission system
• Transmission loss
• Noise
• Regular lubricant

Challenges in Grid ableHEV(HEV)

• All the challenges of conventional HEV
• Requires installation of on board charger in some vehicle
• Initial cost more due to more battery capacity.

Challenges in Fuel cell EV

• High initial cost
• Fuel Cells
• Lack of hydrogen refueling infrastructure(not commonly available)
• Storage of Hydrogen
• Compressed Hydrogen gas
• Liquid Hydrogen
• Metal Hydride
• Safety concern

Challenges in Ultracapacitors/Ultra Flywheels

• Costly
• Low specific energy
• Cannot be sole energy source.
• UF have safety concern

Benefits of using Electric vehicle

Benefits of using EV’s:

Vehicles in use may increase from 700 millions in 2000 to 2.5 billions by 2050. If all vehicles are ICEV then pollution will increase.

• Energy sources
• Pollution
• Efficiency
• Performance
• Capital & operating cost

Energy sources

• Petrol
• Diesel
• Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)
• Hydrogen
• Batteries
• Ultra capacitors
• Ultra flywheel

Pollution

• Particulate matter
• CO2
• NOx
• SOx
• Hydrocarbon
• CH4

Comparison of Capital & operating cost:

• Higher fuel economy than ICEV
• Less maintenance and more reliable
• Recover energy during braking
• Requirement of more space
• More expensive than ICEV
• Due to initial battery cost
• Replacement of Batteries